Financial Ratios for East Coast Yachts Free Essays

Question 1: Financial proportions for East Coast Yachts: Current ratio| =| Current Assets| | Debt-value ratio| =| Total liabilities| | Current Liabilities| | Total equity| | =| $14,651,000 | =| $19,539,000 + $33,735,000| | $19,539,000 | $55,341,000 | =| 0. 75| | =| 0. 96| | Quick ratio| =| Current Assets †Inventory| | Equity multiplier| =| Total assets| | Current Liabilities| | Total equity| | =| $14,651,000 †$6,136,000| | =| $108,615,000 | $19,539,000 | $55,341,000 | =| 0. We will compose a custom article test on Money related Ratios for East Coast Yachts or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now 44| | =| 1. 96| | Total resource turnover| =| Sales| | Interest coverage| =| EBIT| | Total Assets| | Interest| | =| $167,310,000 | =| $23,946,000 | $108,615,000 | $3,009,000 | =| 1. 54| | =| 7. 96| | Inventory turnover| =| COGS| | Profit margin| =| Net Income| | Inventory| | Sales| | =| $117,910,000 | =| $12,562,200 | $6,136,000 | $167,310,000 | =| 19. 22| | =| 7. 51%| | Receivables turnover| =| Sales| | Return on assets| =| Net Income| | Accounts receivable| | Total assets| =| $167,310,000 | =| $12,562,200 | $5,473,000 | $108,615,000 | =| 30. 57| | =| 11. 57%| | Debt ratio| =| Total resources †Total equity| | Return on equity| =| Net Income| | Total assets| | Total equity| | =| $108,615,000 †$55,341,000| | =| $12,562,200 | $108,615,000 | $55,341,000 | =| 0. 49| | =| 22. 70%| | Question 2: | East Coast Yachts| | Yacht Industry Ratios| | Lower Quartile| Median| Upper Quartile| Current ratio| | 0. 75| | 0. 50| 1. 43| 1. 9| Quick ratio| | 0. 44| | 0. 21| 0. 38| 0. 62| Total re source turnover| | 1. 54| | 0. 68| 0. 85| 1. 38| Inventory turnover| | 19. 22| | 4. 89| 6. 15| 10. 89| Receivables turnover| | 30. 57| | 6. 27| 9. 82| 14. 11| Debt ratio| | 0. 49| | 0. 44| 0. 52| 0. 61| Debt-value ratio| | 0. 96| | 0. 79| 1. 08| 1. 56| Equity multiplier| | 1. 96| | 1. 79| 2. 08| 2. 56| Interest coverage| | 7. 96| | 5. 18| 8. 06| 9. 83| Profit margin| | 7. 51%| | 4. 05%| 6. 98%| 9. 87%| Return on assets| | 11. 57%| | 6. 05%| 10. 53%| 13. 21%| Return on equity| | 22. 70%| | 9. 93%| 16. 54%| 26. 15%| The liquidity proportion shows that the organization has less liquidity as contrast with the entire business. East Coast Yachts current proportion is beneath the middle business proportion and the fast proportion is situated at the middle business proportion. This shows the organization may access to transient obtaining. Alluding to the turnover proportion, all the three proportions, I. e. all out resource turnover, stock turnover and receivables turnover are higher than upper quartile industry proportion. This demonstrates the organization is increasingly proficient among the entire business in utilizing its advantages for produce deals. The money related influence proportions, which incorporate the obligation proportion, obligation value proportion, value multiplier and premium inclusion, are all beneath the middle business proportion, however higher than the lower quartile. This shows East Coast Yachts is having less obligation than different organizations in the business, yet is still inside the typical range. The net revenue, return on resources just as profit for value of the organization are higher than the business middle. This shows the company’s gainfulness is performing great among the entire business. As a by and large, East Coast Yachts is performing admirably in the business, while more focus would just be required to be set on the liquidity proportions. Question 3: Return on value = 22. 70% Retention proportion (b)| =| Net salary †Dividends| | Net Income| | =| $12,562,200 †$7,537,320| | $12,562,200 | =| 40%| Sustainable development rate (SGR) = Return on value x Retention proportion = 22. 70% x 0. 4 = 9. 08% Increase in assets| =| Assets| x| ? Sales| | Sales| | =| $108,615,000 | x| (167,310,000 x 9. 08%)| | $167,310,000 | =| $9,862,242. 00 | Increment in unconstrained liabilities| =| Spontaneous liabilities| x| ? Sales| | Sales| | =| $6,461,000 | x| (167,310,000 x 9. 08%)| | $167,310,000 | =| $ 586,658. 80 | Retention proportion (b)| =| Addition to RE| | Net income| | =| $5,024,880 | $12,562,200 | =| 40%| | Profit margin| =| Net income| | Sales| | =| $12,562,200 | $167,310,000 | =| 8%| | Increase in equity| =| PM x Projected deals x maintenance ratio| | =| 8% x ($167,310,000 x 1. 0908) x 0. 4| | =| $5,840,055. 94 | External Funds Needed (EFN)| =| Increase in resources †Increase in unconstrained liabilities †Increase in equity| | =| $9,862,242. 00 †$586,658 †$5,840,056| | =| $3,435,527. 26 | East Coast Yachts| | Pro forma Income Statement| | Sales| | 182,501,748| | Cost of products sold| | 128,616,228| | Other expenses| | 21,809,455| | Depreciation| | 5,460,000| (Assume constant)| Earnings before premium and assessments (EBIT)| 26,616,065| | Interest| | 3,009,000| (Assume constant)| Available income| | 23,607,065| | Taxes (40%)| | 9,442,826| | Net Income| | 14,164,239| | Dividends| | 8,221,709| | Addition to RE| | 5,481,139| | East Coast Yachts| | Pro forma Balance Sheet| | Assets| | Current assets| | Cash| | 3,318,214| | Accounts receivable| | 5,969,948| | Inventory| | 6,693,149| | Total| | 15,981,311| | Fixed assets| | Net plant and equipment| | 102,495,931| | Total assets| | 118,477,242| | Liabilities| | Current liabilities| | Accounts payable| | 7,047,659| | Notes payable| | 14,265,482| | Total| | 21,313,141| | Long term debt| | 33,735,000| | Shareholders’ equity| | Common stock| | 5,200,000| | Retained earnings| | 54,693,803| | Total equity| | 59,893,803| | Total liabilities and equity| | 114,941,944| | EFN| | 3,535,298| | Current ratio| =| Current Assets| | Debt-value ratio| =| Total liabilities| | Current Liabilities| | Total equity| | =| $15,981,311 | =| $21,313,141 + $33,735,000| | $21,313,141 | 59,893,803 | =| 0. 75| | =| 0. 92| | Fast ratio| =| Current Assets †Inventory| | Equity multiplier| =| Total assets| | Current Liabilities| | Total equity| | =| $15,981,311 †$6,693,149| | =| $118,477,242 | $21,313,141 | $59,893,803 | =| 0. 44| | =| 1. 98| | Total resource turnover| =| Sales| | Interest coverage| =| EBIT| | Total Assets| | Interest| | =| $182,501,748 | =| $26,616,065 | $118,477,242 | $3,009,000 | =| 1. 54| | =| 8. 85| | Inventory turnover| =| COGS| | Profit margin| =| Net Income| | Inventory| | Sales| =| $128,616,228 | =| $14,164,239 | $6,693,149 | $182,501,748 | =| 19. 22| | =| 7. 76%| | Receivables turnover| =| Sales| | Return on assets| =| Net Income| | Accounts receivable| | Total assets| | =| $182,501,748 | =| $14,164,239 | $5,969,948 | $118,477,242 | =| 30. 57| | =| 11. 96%| | Debt ratio| =| Total resources †Total equity| | Return on equity| =| Net Income| | Total assets| | Total equity| | =| $118,477,242 †$59,893,803| | =| $14,164,239 | $118,477,242 | $59,893,803 | =| 0. 49| | =| 23. 5%| | East Coast Yachts| | Original ratios| | Based on professional forma| Current ratio| | 0. 75| | 0. 75| Quick ratio| | 0. 44| | 0. 44| Total resource turnover| | 1. 54| | 1. 54| Inventory turnover| | 19. 22| | 19. 22| Receivables turnover| | 30. 57| | 30. 57| Debt ratio| | 0. 49| | 0. 49| Debt-value ratio| | 0. 96| | 0. 92| Equity multiplier| | 1. 96| | 1. 98| Interest coverage| | 7. 96| | 8. 85| Profit margin| | 7. 51%| | 7. 76%| Return on assets| | 11. 57%| | 11. 96%| Return on equity| | 22. 70%| | 23. 65%| As noted from over, the liquidity and turnover proportion will stay consistent accepting development decisively at 9. 8%. Obligation value proportion will diminished somewhat while value multiplier and intrigue inclusion expanded, accepting interest stay steady. Slight improvement additionally noted from overall revenue, return on resources and profit for value. Question 4: Growth rate| | 20%| | Increase in assets| =| Assets| x| ? Sales| | Sales| | =| $108,615,000 | x| (167,310,000 x 20%)| | $167,310,000 | =| 21,723,000. 00 | Increase in unconstrained liabilities| =| Spontaneous liabilities| x| ? Sales| | Sales| | =| $6,461,000 | x| (167,310,000 x 20%)| | $167,310,000 | =| $1,292,200. 00 | Retention proportion (b)| =| Addition to RE| | Net income| | =| $5,024,880 | $12,562,200 | =| 40%| | Profit margin| =| Net income| | Sales| | =| $12,562,200 | $167,310,000 | =| 8%| | Increase in equity| =| PM x Projected deals x maintenance ratio| | =| 8% x ($167,310,000 x 1. 2) x 0. 4| | =| $6,424,704. 00| | External Funds Needed (EFN)| =| Increase in resources †Increase in unconstrained liabilities †Increase in equity| | =| $21,723,000. 0 †$1,292,200. 00 †$6,424,704. 00| | =| $14,006,096. 00| | | East Coast Yachts| | Pro forma Income Statement| | Sales| | 200,772,000| | Cost of products sold| | 141,492,000| | Other expenses| | 23,992,800| | Depreciation| | 5,460,000| (Assuming constant)| Earnings before premium and duties (EBIT)| 29,827, 200| | Interest| | 3,009,000| (Assuming constant)| Taxable income| | 26,

A Letter to My Girlfriend essays

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Essay on Imperium in Imperio - 1714 Words

Imperium in Imperio is a novel that focuses on the problem of race in America. Sutton Griggs portrays the tale of a radical yet secret movement, told by two contemporaries. This is the first major political novel written by an African-American. The main characters of the novel confront the torment and conflict of their time. Griggs deploys his characters to illustrate the climate of the day. He touches on such issues as miscegenation, Jim Crow, the political exploitation of the Black man, and the lack of protection of freed slaves (Griggs 8). The novel was published in 1899, during the heat of the Post-Bellum period. At this point in time Blacks had only experienced thirty four years of freedom. The Reconstruction era marked†¦show more content†¦In a time when civil rights relied on the color of your skin, the odds were not in Beltons favor. As a result of his skin tone, he was submersed in racism, which would have a serious affect on his life. Although Bernard was also Black, his life was less bound to torment than that of a dark skinned man. His light skin appearance worked to his benefit and was also to his disadvantage. Both Belton and Bernard were well educated, yet pursued two polar opposite political views. Their upbringing will illustrate and explain why they adopted such opposite perspectives. Although Bernard was favored in school, Belton never envied him. Belton became accustomed to being treated with cruelty and injustice. He performed above and beyond his expectations, in order to disprove those who didnt believe in him. He used the hatred of white people to fuel his passion to convince and teach the white people of the New Negro. By applying his talents he constantly impressed and convinced Whites that Negroes could have intellectual prowess. Both Bernard and Belton lived their lives in this manner; Bernard assuming the role of the intellectual mulatto, and Belton as the surprisingly overachieving New Negro. This distinction worked to Bernards advantage, yet it is contrarily problematic for Belton. Belton is a man of intellect and morals, yet he has no room for error. Throughout his life he strived to excel in the system within whiteShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Forest Mcdonad s States Rights And The Union1101 Words   |  5 PagesIn Forest McDonad’s Sta tes Rights and the Union: Imperium in the Imperio, 1776-1876, he simply begins the book by stating the main problem that the United States faced during the first one hundred years of existence: the state and national government authority were not easily separated. Before the time period of which McDonald analyzes, the people of the future country, the United States, lived in England, where the line between state and national government authority was clear. McDonald mentionsRead MoreEssay about Greek Politics5547 Words   |  23 Pagesa matter of considerable contention over time. The consuls, of whom there were two, were the chief civil and military magistrates. They invested with imperium, the power of magistrates to command armies and (within limits) to coerce citizens, and convened Senate and curiate and centuriate assemblies. There were two to eight praetors who had imperium as well. Their main functions were to give military commands and to administer civil law at Rome. The a ediles were the plebeian only and curule, plebeianRead MoreMidterm 3 History Essay8024 Words   |  33 Pagesname meant â€Å"Revered One.† significant because he was the son of a god.  ·   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Which two powers formed Augustus’ basis of authority?   When did he arrange to take them?   What did he rely on prior to taking on these more formal powers? o   Ã‚  Maius Imperium (â€Å"Greater Power†) and Tribunicia Potestas (â€Å"Power of Tribune†) formed Augustus’ basis of authority.  §   Made him sacrosanct  §   Could convene the Senate  §   Could propose legislation to senate o   Ã‚  He arranged to take them during the Second ConstitutionalRead MoreArticle II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies16349 Words   |  66 PagesSUBDIVISION of a nation or a state which is CONSTITUTED BY LAW and has SUBSTANTIALCONTROL of LOCAL AFFAIRS. Unitary System of the Philippines: LOCAL GOVERNMENT can only be an infra-sovereign subdivision of ONE SOVEREIGN NATION. It cannot be an imperium in imperio but only: (1)a measure of autonomy (2)decentralization of the FUNCTIONS of GOVERNMENT Art. X Sec. 2.  The TERRITORIAL and POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS shall enjoy LOCAL AUTONOMY. Local Autonomy-means more than just decentralization: Decentralization

Oil and Gas Efforts

Question: Discoveries of oil and gas generate much excitement and great effort is put into understanding technical, commercial and legal aspects of field development. In fact however the first challenges to governments are negotiation challenges. Examine and evaluate the key areas and features that governments should focus on during their negotiation process and in the drafting of contracts with the International Oil Companies. Answer: Introduction: The nations that are rich in natural resources tend to use its natural resources for the aim to secure funds for the process of development within the country. The governments of the specific countries have to enter into an agreement and contract to develop the existing resources of the country and also to explore them for the betterment of the country. The contract is made between the government of the country and the oil companies of that specified country (chalmers, 2012). Both of the contract holders have to put emphasize on the technical issue and the commercial understanding about the exploration of oil. But in making this contract successful, the first obstacle which the government usually faces is the process of negotiation. Problems of negotiation: Different developing countries and also different developed countries like - mexico, kazakhstan, and bolivia appraise their natural resources of oil and gas as assets or property of the country. These natural resources are not considered as any private property of an entity or individual, though an individual might be the owner of the surface land or water bodies. The government of the country is the only owner of the underlying natural oil and gas resources, according to the laws of the nations. The main aim of the countries that are rich in natural oil and gas resources is to maximize the participation of oil companies in the country as these companies possess abundant expertise and thus they could properly exploit the natural resources and market them globally (grant, 2012). But at the time of negotiation, these companies face various problems. The reason behind this is that, as these companies are much experienced about the variety of contracts and have greater practical knowledg e regarding the exploitation of natural oil and gasses. The oil companies are highly motivated towards the act of negotiation. Thus, they tend to decrease the costs. This process of negotiation is tailored by the oil companies based on the political condition of the specified country (gustafson, 2012). The process of negotiation of the oil companies is very inflexible, cynical and aggressive. Thus, the contract of negotiation should be done in a proper and systematic way. Development of natural resources: There are three different ways to develop the natural resources of the country by the government; these are as follows Firstly, different foreign companies can be invited by the government of a particular country having its natural oil and gas resources for the exploration and in the process of exploring the government of the specified country should help (hults, thurber and victor, 2012). For example, countries like canada, russia, and united kingdom have applied this methodology. Secondly, for better exploration, the government of a particular country should create new state companies if the government has the capability to invest in establishing new companies (looney, 2012). As this would help the government of the country economically by providing chances of better exploration, much production, and high development. For example venezuela, oman, mexico and saudi arabia have applied this methodology for their economical improvement. Lastly, some countries like nigeria, kazakhstan, and indonesia might apply the combination of both the ways. The parameters of negotiation: The process of negotiation is of high interest for the shareholders. Thus, the size of shareholders is also huge in the worldwide. But the governments show lesser interest or pay lesser interest in the negotiation process. The share holders are more concerned about the negotiation process than the producing countries of natural oil and gasses. Thus, the governments appoints some experts like technical engineers of the related field, lawyers for their legal knowledge in the related field and many more for handling the complex issues (muttitt, 2012). Direct negotiations are done in oil contracts. Negotiations are occurred on indecision as an oil contract is consisted of many complex issues. These types of indecisions are occurred due to the improper awareness of probable oil field, dissociation of the partner of negotiation, or the inability to make predictions of the future. The negotiators who are expert in the field know that the presence of a weak point is common whatever might be the situation, and by using that properly, they get a high chance to win (nikiforuk, 2012). Various types of issues should be considered during the negotiation of the oil contract, these are the costs of exploration, dynamic nature of the existing market, estimated size of the fields and many more, as the list is never ending. To determine the importance of each and every issue of the negotiation of the oil contract, proper judgments and expertise is the most important criteria. As these qualities would help to strike a balance such that the variou s contracts could be made nonidentical to each other. Different issues of the process of negotiation: There are mainly two major types of issues regarding the process of negotiation. These are the zone of conflict and the factors that are not usually paid attention during the process of negotiation. These include the social, political, economical and environmental factors of the specified country. Generally, any particular company spends about 90 90 % time in this particular zone (ross, 2012). This particular zone makes the company to feel that they are in control and thus recruits especially skilled employees. Dealing with indigenous communities: The negotiation of oil is of great importance to different groups of individuals. These individuals might include the surface land owners, indigenous communities and many more. The negotiation of oil is of great important to the indigenous communities because they started to demand for compensation for the usage of their personal property and also for creating disturbance. Formally, these groups are not the main part of the process of negotiation, but still both the principal parties of contracts that is, the governments and the oil companies have to consider their demands in the process of negotiation (larson and smajgl, 2012). Through the process of negotiation, the demands of these local communities are settled down. Their demands mainly composed of offers of jobs or compensation. Thus, the oil companies make commitments that they would provide employment to local peoples in mass as labors and also to give back support in the development process of the local communities. These ne gotiations are heated many times and thus are very time consuming. Time factor: The contracts of oil are negotiated depending on the factors of time responsiveness. These factors include the present political, environmental, social and economical factors in the host country, the probability of variation of these factors in near future, and the current situation of the market regarding the oil price. The terms and conditions of an oil contract should contain the ability to survive the time challenge by the method of anticipation of foreseeable as well as unforeseeable changes and demand. For example, the country norway is known well for its instability, thus, it introduces tax regimes in the favor of the oil companies with the aim to attract the oil companies to invest in the geographical challenging and uncertain terrains (wittcoff, reuben and plotkin, 2013). But norway did not put its future in the endanger by making the rule of taxes permanent and the tax rates were raised within three years. To make the contracts more reactive in the changing world is the on ly way to deal with the problem of insufficient arrangement effectively and efficiently. The stability should be drafted in such a way that the oil companies should be compensated for the various changes of rules and regulations in the law which takes place frequently. The oil companies would not be established in the countries if they have to suffer loss due to the change of laws in the specified country (schwarzenbach, 2012). For example, if a country implements new law regarding the development of the environment, then the cost of the oil companies would increase due to various process of refining the waste materials of the company. This make the company to run in loss, thus, these companies of oil are usually exempted from such developmental laws. And if exemption is not possible by the government, then the government would itself reimburse the compliance cost of the specified oil company. The clauses of stability are used by these companies to get exemption from the application of the rules and regulations of the laws of the host country (guo and ghalambor, 2012). E ven the jurisdiction of the courts of such country is not applicable to the clauses of stability. Expert negotiators: The government of a specified country has to face various problems regarding the selection of personnel who would be the representative of the negotiating team. Negotiation is a process of art, thus, it requires good tactics, effective plan and the capability of segregation of various negotiable factors like compensation from non negotiable elements, such as addressing and consideration of the concerns of the oil companies, and regulation concerned matters (kartashov et al., 2014). It is obvious that, at the time of negotiation with the government of the country, the oil companies are under the guidance of any circumstance in a better situation like finance, skills, and preparedness. But the developing countries which are enrich with natural oil and gas resources do not consist of sufficient legal, financial and technical knowledge. Generally, the negotiations are considered as the one time investment in the developing countries. Therefore, they intend to hire negotiators who are skilled, dedicated as well as independent, such that they could understand the footing of the oil companies (jacobson, 2008). Most of the times the oil rich developing countries overlook the importance of employing expert negotiators for the process of negotiation. The contracts of oil require advice of expert negotiators as they are only capable of covering the broad range of complicated factors. The main focus of a oil contract should be to reach reasonable and agreeable balance such that, the interests of both the government of the country and the investor company get fulfilled (lewicki, barry and saunders, 2011). For making the negotiations successful, the advices of the expert negotiators are mandatory. Conflict of interest: The government of a country faces various conflicts of interest regarding the negotiation of the contracts. The government is acting as a protector of the interest of the public by applying its power of regulation on one hand and on the other, it acts as the signatory to a commercial oil contract as a business personnel with the aim of maximization of profit. The government has to also create a friendly environment for investment, such that the investors are magnetized which would help in creation of employment and also enhance in the growth of economy of the specified country (mannix, neale and overbeck, 2011). Therefore, on one hand, the intension of the government is to maximize its profit from negotiation of the oil contracts and on the other hand to locate objects for its own regulations. In developed countries, this type of problem can be managed but in the developing countries it is hard to manage. Transparency: The objective of the negotiators is to maintain transparency in the negotiation process. The reason behind this is that, to increase the acceptability of the oil contracts by the general public of the country to keep or to maintain transparency is the key element (bayne and woolcock, 2011). Transparency is defined as the disclosure of the contractual terms and conditions and also the consideration paid through certain factors which should remain confidential for a particular period of time in terms of negotiation of oil contracts. Transparency also helps to avoid corruptions which might occur in the oil contracts. It only helps to prevent the officials of the government to accept or implement such terms in these contracts that might cause criticism from the citizens. Types of contracts: The types of contract are an essential matter for the government of the country. The decision regarding the form of contract is the most necessary part of the development of the resources of the country. Generally, the oil companies and the government of the country like to adapt four specific types of contract during the formation of the agreement. These are as follows: Joint ventures: When two or more parties want to enter into an agreement through the undertaking of joint venture, then only joint venture can takes place. Both the parties of the joint venture should understand all the ways by which each of the parties could conduct their business, their interest and also their aims and objectives (ward, 2012). However, if this understanding is not available among the parties of the contract, then it is impossible to come up with the agreement of joint venture. As the joint venture is an open ended contracts, both the governments and the oil companies do not show interest in entering the agreement of joint venture. Advantages: The only advantage the government of the host country can avail is that it does not have to make and take decisions on its own but also it can take help of the experts of the oil company. According to this type of contract, the government of the country has to share its profit with the oil company. Disadvantages: In this type of contract, the government of the host country has to directly take part in the oil extraction process Production sharing agreements: The acronym of product sharing agreements is psa. According to psa, the ownership of oil lies with the citizens of the country and it cannot lie with any of the private entities. Though the cost of operation of the oil field and the management and also the associated risks lie with the oil companies. According to this agreement, the government of the specified country has to reimburse the oil company as operating expenses (orsi, 2012). The taxes which fall under its share have to give by the oil company but the government of the particular country waives these taxes and thus is included in the share of profits of the government. The laws of the country would bring success to the application of psa. Advantages: The oil company bears all the risks. Even any loss would also be bear by the oil company thus there will be no effect on the government. Disadvantages: Psa is an inclusive document, thus its very nature acts as a disadvantage for the government. License: In the year 1900s license was introduced. These are mainly one sided contracts. In the current years, these contracts serve the exclusive rights for development, exploration and sale and export of minerals of the oil companies (progoff, halpern and yang, 2012). For acquiring such rights, the oil companies offer signing bonus. Advantages: These contracts are straight forward, thus it is considerable in developing countries. Disadvantages: The commercial aspect of the contract is the main disadvantage. Risks are associated with the price of license. Service agreements: This type of agreement provides disbursement for particular tasks or services. The main disadvantage of this service agreement is that it cannot be used in long run. Conclusion: The oil producing countries should possess the professional knowledge for negotiation of oil contracts with international oil companies. The process of negotiation should be open at same time. The companies have to make the oil companies feel that they would be treated fairly. The sense of fair treatment and fair return would also prove to be beneficial in the long run for the international oil companies in the large competitive market. References Bayne, n. And woolcock, s. (2011).The new economic diplomacy. Farnham, england: ashgate pub. Chalmers, d. (2012).History of the standard oil company. Dover publications. Grant, t. (2012).International directory of company histories. Detroit, mich.: st. James press. Guo, b. And ghalambor, a. (2012).Natural gas engineering handbook. Burlington: elsevier science. Gustafson, t. (2012).Wheel of fortune. Cambridge, mass.: belknap press of harvard university press. Hults, d., thurber, m. And victor, d. (2012).Oil and governance. Cambridge, uk: cambridge university press. Jacobson, h. (2008).Culture keeping. Nashville, tenn.: vanderbilt university press. Kartashov, m., ignatova, a., fedoseeva, e. And ignatov, m. (2014). Characteristic nonmetallic inclusions in welded joints oil and gas of pipelines.Ogbus, (2), pp.80-94. Larson, s. And smajgl, a. (2012).Sustainable resource use. Hoboken: taylor and francis. Lewicki, r., barry, b. And saunders, d. (2011).Essentials of negotiation. New york: mcgraw-hill/irwin. Looney, r. (2012).Handbook of oil politics. London: routledge. Mannix, e., neale, m. And overbeck, j. (2011).Negotiation and groups. Bingley, u.k.: emerald. Muttitt, g. (2012).Fuel on the fire. New york: new press. Nikiforuk, a. (2012).The energy of slaves. Vancouver, bc: greystone books. Orsi, j. (2012).Practicing law in the sharing economy. Chicago: american bar association. Progoff, s., halpern, m. And yang, j. (2012).Understanding the intellectual property license, 2012. New york, ny: practising law institute. Ross, m. (2012).The oil curse. Princeton, nj: princeton university press. Schwarzenbach, r. (2012).For climate's sake!. ZuÃÅ'ˆrich, switzerland: lars muÃÅ'ˆller. Ward, d. (2012).Contract negotiation handbook. Hoboken [n.j.]: john wiley sons. Wittcoff, h., reuben, b. And plotkin, j. (2013).Industrial organic chemicals. Hoboken, n.j.: wiley.

Othello and Jealousy Research Paper Example

Othello and Jealousy Paper Jealousy is described as feelings of resentment against someone because of that persons rivalry, success, or advantages. It plays a very large role in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†. Jealousy is the fire that motivates Iago and clouds Othello’s judgment, leading to the downfall of both men. Iago is extremely jealous of Cassio because of his position in the army. Iago, a Venetian soldier of so good reputation that he is known to everyone as â€Å"honest Iago†, feels bitterly and deeply that he has been done a gratuitous injustice, His past life has been exemplary; his private actions and public deeds have been above reproach; his superior, the great Moorish general Othello, has trusted him, confided in him, relied on him. Othello has had proof of his soldiership at Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christian and heathen. Three great ones of Venice have used their personal influence on Iago’s behalf. The lieutenancy has gone, nevertheless, to Michael Cassio, a Florentine and a mere theoretical soldier who has never set a squadron in the field. † (McCloskey 25) Iago was equal to Othello in the military until Othello was promoted. Othello then made Cassio his lieutenant which enraged Iago. He set out to destroy Cassio and succeeded as he was stripped of his lieutenancy. Iago was in a jealous frenzy and becoming lieutenant was not enough for him. Iago wants justice and this motivates him to sabotage Othello’s career as well. â€Å"Intellectual, craftly, subtle, and efficient as he is, Iago cannot, however, control his jealous suspicion. (McCloskey 222) Iago is clever and quick-witted but he is completely consumed with envy. He uses all of his intelligence to try and bring down Othello. â€Å"And nothing can or shall content my soul till I am even’d with him, wife for wife, Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor At least into a jealousy so strong that judgment cannot cure. † (Shakespeare;Othello. Act II:Scene 1:lines 307-311) We will write a custom essay sample on Othello and Jealousy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Othello and Jealousy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Othello and Jealousy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Iago believes that justice would be if Othello experienced the same jealousy that Iago had. Iago’s plan works and Othello is blinded by jealousy. This causes him to change his military opinion about Iago. For good and sufficient reasons, apparently, Othello has decided that Iago does not qualify for the vacant military post. Later, however, at the peak of his jealous rage, Othello belies his own previous military judgment against Iago. † (Kliger 222) In the beginning of the play, Othello is in his prime and he chooses Cassio as his lieutenant with good reasoning behind it. Iago continuously manipulates Othello and by the end of the play they were scheming to kill Cassio. Othello then ordered Iago to kill Cassio and gave him a reward. Now art thou my lieutenant† (Act III:Scene 3:line 478) Othello didn’t use his good judgment to make this decision. He wanted Cassio dead and so he compromised his beliefs to make sure that happened. At first when Iago starts putting ideas of an affair between Desdemona and Cassio, into Othello’s head, he dismisses them saying â€Å"I’ll see before I doubt; when I doubt, prove; And on the proof, there is no more but this: Away at once with love or jealousy. † (Act III:Scene 3: Lines 221-223) Othello doesn’t want to hear anything else about an affair unless Iago has proof. As Iago continued hinting that Desdemona was unfaithful, Othello started to get jealous. By the end of the conversation he was saying â€Å"O curse of marriage, that we can call these delicate creatures ours and not their appetites! † (Act III :Scene 3: Lines 309-311) Over the course of a conversation Othello goes against his previous beliefs about his own wife and becomes quick to believe Iago, as his judgment was hindered. Othello begins to make assumptions as he is caught up with jealousy. Iago tells him to eavesdrop and so when he hears Cassio speaking about Bianca, he thinks Cassio is speaking of Desdemona. Othello isn’t thinking clearly and disregards obvious comments like â€Å"I marry her? What, a customer? Prithee bear some charity to my wit! Do not think it so unwholesome. Ha, ha, ha! † (Act IV:Scene 1: Lines 309-311) From this comment Othello chooses to believe that Cassio is taunting Desdemona and calling her a prostitute. Iago knows exactly what he is doing to Othello and he says â€Å"As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad, and his unbookish jealousy must construe poor Cassio’s smiles, gestures, and light behaviors quite in the wrong. (Act IV :Scene 1: Lines 117-120) Othello is a very intelligent man but he develops selective hearing and only hears of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. Jealousy led to the downfall of both Othello and Iago. Iago was extremely jealous of Othello and his life revolved around manipulation. He became lieutenant but then he wanted more and wound up arrested, after killing Emilia and Roderigo. Othello was jealous of Cassio because he believed that his wife was having an affair. â€Å"Yet if Othello and Iago are Shakespeare’s examples of â€Å"masculine† men in the play, then manhood is the ability to command and audience, to have power over others. (Pryse 476) Othello and Iago are too masculine and powerful to admit their true feelings of jealousy so they scheme and this leads to their downfall. If Othello had talked to Desdemona and listened to her, he would’ve found out that she was innocent. This would’ve saved both of their lives. Instead he ignored her pleas of innocence and smothered her in their own bed. His judgment was too clouded by jealousy and he made irrational mistakes. Othello said, â€Å"Then must you speak of one who loved not wisely, but too well: Of one not easily jealous but being wrought, perplexed in the extreme†. Act VI:Scene 2: Lines 403-406) Bibliography Babcock, Weston. Iagoan Extrordinary Honest Man. Shakespeare Quarterly 16 (1965): 297-301. JSTOR. 2 Mar. 2008. Kliger, Samuel. Othello: the Man of Judgment. Modern Philology 48 (1951): 221-224. JSTOR. 2 Mar. 2008. McCloskey, John C. The Motivation of Iago. College English 3 (1941): 25-30. JSTOR. 2 Mar. 2008. Pryse, Marjorie. Lust for Audience: an Interpretation of Othello. ELH 43 (1976): 461-478. JSTOR. 2 Mar. 2008. Shakespeare, Whilliam. Othello. Ed. Barbara A Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993.

Definition and Examples of Essays or Compositions

Definition and Examples of Essays or Compositions The term essay comes from the French for trial or attempt. French author  Michel de Montaigne coined the term when he assigned the title Essais to his first publication in 1580. In Montaigne: A Biography (1984), Donald Frame notes that Montaigne often used the verb essayer (in modern French, normally to try) in ways close to his project, related to experience, with the sense of trying out or testing. An essay is a short work of nonfiction, while a writer of essays is called an essayist. In writing instruction, essay is often used as another word for composition. In an essay, an authorial voice  (or narrator) typically invites an implied reader  (the audience) to accept as authentic a certain textual mode of experience.   Definitions and Observations [An essay is a] composition, usually in prose.., which may be of only a few hundred words (like Bacons Essays) or of book length (like Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding) and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics.(J.A. Cuddon, Dictionary of Literary Terms. Basil, 1991)Essays are how we speak to one another in print - caroming thoughts not merely in order to convey a certain packet of information, but with a special edge or bounce of personal character in a kind of public letter.(Edward Hoagland, Introduction, The Best American Essays: 1999. Houghton, 1999)[T]he essay traffics in fact and tells the truth, yet it seems to feel free to enliven, to shape, to embellish, to make use as necessary of elements of the imaginative and the fictive - thus its inclusion in that rather unfortunate current designation creative nonfiction.(G. Douglas Atkins, Reading Essays: An Invitation. University of Georgia Press, 2007) Montaignes Autobiographical EssaysAlthough Michel de Montaigne, who fathered the modern essay in the 16th century, wrote autobiographically (like the essayists who claim to be his followers today), his autobiography was always in the service of larger existential discoveries. He was forever on the lookout for life lessons. If he recounted the sauces he had for dinner and the stones that weighted his kidney, it was to find an element of truth that we could put in our pockets and carry away, that he could put in his own pocket. After all, Philosophy - which is what he thought he practiced in his essays, as had his idols, Seneca and Cicero, before him - is about learning to live. And here lies the problem with essayists today: not that they speak of themselves, but that they do so with no effort to make their experience relevant or useful to anyone else, with no effort to extract from it any generalizable insight into the human condition.(Cristina Nehring, What’s Wrong With the American Essay. Truthdig, Nov. 29, 2007) The Artful Formlessness of the Essay[G]ood essays are works of literary art. Their supposed formlessness is more a strategy to disarm the reader with the appearance of unstudied spontaneity than a reality of composition. . . .The essay form as a whole has long been associated with an experimental method. This idea goes back to Montaigne and his endlessly suggestive use of the term essai for his writing. To essay is to attempt, to test, to make a run at something without knowing whether you are going to succeed. The experimental association also derives from the other fountain-head of the essay, Francis Bacon, and his stress on the empirical inductive method, so useful in the development of the social sciences.(Phillip Lopate, The Art of the Personal Essay. Anchor, 1994) Articles vs. Essays[W]hat finally distinguishes an essay from an article may just be the authors gumption, the extent to which personal voice, vision, and style are the prime movers and shapers, even though the authorial I may be only a remote energy, nowhere visible but everywhere present.(Justin Kaplan, ed. The Best American Essays: 1990. Ticknor Fields, 1990)I am predisposed to the essay with knowledge to impart - but, unlike journalism, which exists primarily to present facts, the essays transcend their data, or transmute it into personal meaning. The memorable essay, unlike the article, is not place or time-bound; it survives the occasion of its original composition. Indeed, in the most brilliant essays, language is not merely the medium of communication; it is communication.(Joyce Carol Oates, quoted by Robert Atwan in The Best American Essays, College Edition, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998)I speak of a genuine essay because fakes abound. Here the old-fashioned term poetaste r may apply, if only obliquely. As the poetaster is to the poet - a lesser aspirant - so the average article is to the essay: a look-alike knockoff guaranteed not to wear well. An article is often gossip. An essay is reflection and insight. An article often has the temporary advantage of social heat - whats hot out there right now. An essays heat is interior. An article can be timely, topical, engaged in the issues and personalities of the moment; it is likely to be stale within the month. In five years it may have acquired the quaint aura of a rotary phone. An article is usually Siamese-twinned to its date of birth. An essay defies its date of birth - and ours, too. (A necessary caveat: some genuine essays are popularly called articles - but this is no more than an idle, though persistent, habit of speech. Whats in a name? The ephemeral is the ephemeral. The enduring is the enduring.)(Cynthia Ozick, SHE: Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body. The Atlantic Monthly, September 1998) The Status of the EssayThough the essay has been a popular form of writing in British and American periodicals since the 18th century, until recently its status in the literary canon has been, at best, uncertain. Relegated to the composition class, frequently dismissed as mere journalism, and generally ignored as an object for serious academic study, the essay has sat, in James Thurbers phrase, on the edge of the chair of Literature.In recent years, however, prompted by both a renewed interest in rhetoric and by poststructuralist redefinitions of literature itself, the essay - as well as such related forms of literary nonfiction as biography, autobiography, and travel and nature writing - has begun to attract increasing critical attention and respect.(Richard Nordquist, Essay, in Encylopedia of American Literature, ed. S. R. Serafin. Continuum, 1999) The Contemporary EssayAt present, the American magazine essay, both the long feature piece and the critical essay, is flourishing, in unlikely circumstances...There are plenty of reasons for this. One is that magazines, big and small, are taking over some of the cultural and literary ground vacated by newspapers in their seemingly unstoppable evaporation. Another is that the contemporary essay has for some time now been gaining energy as an escape from, or rival to, the perceived conservatism of much mainstream fiction...So the contemporary essay is often to be seen engaged in acts of apparent anti-novelization: in place of plot, there is drift or the fracture of numbered paragraphs; in place of a frozen verisimilitude, there may be a sly and knowing movement between reality and fictionality; in place of the impersonal author of standard-issue third-person realism, the authorial self pops in and out of the picture, with a liberty hard to pull off in fiction.(James Wood, Reality Effec ts. The New Yorker, Dec. 19 26, 2011) The Lighter Side of Essays: The Breakfast Club Essay AssignmentAll right people, were going to try something a little different today. We are going to write an essay of not less than a thousand words describing to me who you think you are. And when I say essay, I mean essay, not one word repeated a thousand times. Is that clear, Mr. Bender?(Paul Gleason as Mr. Vernon)Saturday, March 24, 1984Shermer High SchoolShermer, Illinois 60062Dear Mr. Vernon,We accept the fact that we had to sacrifice a whole Saturday in detention for whatever it was we did wrong. What we did was wrong. But we think youre crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. What do you care? You see us as you want to see us - in the simplest terms, in the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basket case, a princess and a criminal. Correct? Thats the way we saw each other at seven oclock this morning. We were brainwashed...But what we found out is that each one of us i s a brain and an athlete and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal. Does that answer your question?Sincerely yours,The Breakfast Club(Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson, The Breakfast Club, 1985)

Research Report- International Human Resource Managemnet Essay

Research Report- International Human Resource Managemnet - Essay Example South Korea has moved significantly further in building a middle-of-the-road realism out of the innovative hopes of foregone dot-com days. South Koreas closely inhabited regions have made it easier for telecommunications companies to put forward awfully fast service to large numbers of people. Taylor Reynolds who is an International Telecommunications Union analyst said "I think there are a quite a few lessons. Most of the growth is tied to effective competition, which you dont see in a lot of places in the United States." In fact Taylor had recently finished a study of Internet and mobile services in South Korea. South Korea does not have adequate and appropriate training center for cross-cultural training. Thus the government has to take steps to provide more centres for cross-cultural training. David Tae-Woong Lee points out that â€Å"the most urgent need of the Korean missionary training is to prepare qualified trainers. However, preparing a qualified trainer, who is equipped in both academically and cross-culturally, is not so easy. Although several training centres in Korea have invited trainers from foreign countries, the language barrier makes it hard to achieve effective

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles Research Paper

Why did the United States fail to sign the Treaty of Versailles - Research Paper Example In fact, he worked a lot for that to happen but the end result did not turn out as he had wished. The United States did not sign the treaty because Wilson did not have the vote of all the Senate members. Wilson required constitutionally mandated two-thirds vote for ratification which he did not get. Henry Cabot Lodge and Alfred Beveridge were highly against the treaty. Lodge was a Republican and the Senate majority leader and Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, thus holding a lot of power and responsibility. The failure of the United States to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and, eventually, join the League of Nations is a story of conflict. However, no matter where the focus is on – personalities, political parties and branches of government, or ideas and institutions, Wilson certainly did lie at the crux. It was his overweening confidence in the view that he held of the world that he dealt with which formed the basis of the defeat of the very tool that he had devise d in order to secure the world of future wars. Clemenceau once said bitterly: â€Å"Talk with Wilson! How can I talk to a fellow who thinks himself the first man in two thousand years to know anything about peace on earth?† and â€Å"I get on with you. You are practical.... Wilson was a visionary reared with a strong moral background. While others wanted to punish Germany, Wilson wished to get rid of the old system and come up with a new world order which would not treat Germany like a defeated enemy; instead he wanted to her to be like others, a partner of the new system he had envisioned. On the other hand, Clemenceau did not wish to end the old system but rather to make it stronger to build peace, and this meant that the conquerors would divide the spoils to come up with a reimbursement as satisfactory as possible to their respective nation’s requirements. History has paid substantial attention on the personal enmity that existed between Wilson and Lodge, and, from the consequences that we have seen it is clear that there was, in fact, a lot of political animosity between them4. It should also be considered, however, that they had opposite views regarding the issues of the day and thus their political behavior showed varied opinions. From the way Lodge was repudiating the President it seemed that it was his behavior rather than genuine ideological opposition. Instead of coming up with actual and meaningful debate that would list the reasons why the treaty should not be signed, Lodge kept delaying action by reading – word-for-word – the language of the Treaty5 6. Therefore, what it resulted in was just endless criticism that took about six weeks of public hearing. For the Senate Foreign Relation Committee he chose those senators whom he thought would go against the treaty. After the committee had reported the Treaty to the full Senate they did so after burdening it with corrections which Lodge had said were necessary to adopt and

Marketing and Micro Environment Essay Example for Free

Marketing and Micro Environment Essay Effective marketing incorporates macro and micro-marketing strategies, terms that may not be very familiar to many small businesspeople. They are important concepts, though, that when applied effectively can help to boost advertising results. Even small businesses can learn howand whyto consider the impacts of macro and micro impacts in their planning and strategy. Micro Environment The micro environment, as the name suggests, is the immediate environment that impacts a business. The micro environment includes considerations related to suppliers, customers and local stakeholders, including local government agencies or regulatory bodies. The micro environment can generally be considered the local environment where the business operates and the business owner is likely to be somewhat aware of the impacts that they are faced with. Macro Environment The macro-environment includes those things that may impact small businesses but which are outside of their control. It is the larger, external environment within which businesses operate from an industry or economic standpoint. Using Strategy Effectively In considering the micro and macro impacts on a business, internal and external factors must be considered. Businesses use a variety of tools in planning to consider these impacts, including the SWOT, which is strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; analysis; the PEST, which is political, economic, social, technological, and Porters 5-Forces Analysis, which is the threat of new competitors, the level of competition, the threat of substitute products, and the bargaining power of customers and suppliers.

Shaking Baby Syndrome Essay -- essays research papers

Shaken Baby Syndrome Imagine yourself as a sweet, innocent, precious little baby. You are totally dependant upon adults to give you what you need and most importantly love. Your only means of communication is crying so you cry when you need to be fed, when you need your diaper changed, when you aren’t feeling so well, or when you just want some attention. You are crying and someone comes over to you. They pick you up, but instead of holding you and comforting you, talking affectionately to you, they shake you violently and vigorously. You are a baby, imagine the fear and pain that the shaking causes you. This is a form of child abuse and what is even harder to believe is that it actually happens. The correct term is Shaken Baby Syndrome and it is a form of abuse that is happening far and wide.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is Shaking Baby Syndrome? Shaken Baby Syndrome is a serious brain injury that occurs when adults, frustrated and angry with children, shake then violently, and Shaken Baby Syndrome mostly occurs when a child receives numerous rapid shakes. It can also occur when a baby is slammed against a hard object; head impact is not necessary but does frequently occur. Shaken Baby Syndrome occurs frequently in infants younger than six months old, yet can occur up to the age of 5. (Showers, 1997.) In reality, shaking a baby if only for a few seconds can injure the baby for life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often frustrated parents or other persons responsible for a child’s care feel that shaking a baby is a harmless way to make a child stop crying. The number one reason why a baby is shaken is because of inconsolable crying. (National Exchange Club Foundation, 1998) An infant may spend two to three hours a day crying. (The Epilepsy Association of Central Florida) A caregiver momentarily gives in to the frustration of responding to a crying baby by shaking. Caregivers may be inadequately prepared for children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is shaking a baby so dangerous? A baby’s head and neck are especially vulnerable to injury because the head is so large and the neck muscles are still weak. A baby’s neck is to weak to support their heavy head so when the baby is shaken the heads swings back and forth. In addition, the baby’s brain and blood vessels are very fragile and easily damaged by whiplash mo... ...n a coma, being in a vegetative state, and the worst, death. One in every four babies shaken dies. The rest have to deal with the injuries and symptoms that will affect the rest of their innocent lives. Twenty five to thirty percent of babies shaken die (National Shaken Baby Syndrome). Immediate medical attention can help reduce the impact of shaking, but many children are left with permanent damage from the shaking. The treatment of survivors falls into 3 major categories. Those categories are medical, behavioral, and educational. In addition to medical care, children may need speech and language therapy, vision therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and special education services. (Showers, 1997) Many incidents of Shaken Baby Syndrome are not reported out of fear. It is important to seek immediate and early medical attention. Serious complications and even death can be avoided. Exactly how much force is needed to cause injuries? No firm answer exists as to the exact number of shakes necessary or how long a person might typically shake a child. In most cases the period of shaking is 5-10 seconds. (National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome) To cause brain damage, severe

Alice in Wonderland Essay

You may have thought Alice in Wonderland was just a children’s tale that everyone takes too seriously but there is more philosophy, metaphors, and spirituality in this revolutionary children’s book than you can fit into one teapot! It seems everyone from my generation and up has heard the story, read the book, or watched the movie at some point in their lives. Alice in Wonderland started as a book written in 1865 by Charles Lutwidge. It is about a girl named Alice who sees a little white rabbit in the woods and follows it down the rabbit hole. When Alice goes down the hole she finds herself in a fantasy world called Wonderland, which is populated by peculiar characters. A few of these characters include the Queen of Hearts, the Mad Hatter, the caterpillar, Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum and the Cheshire cat. Alice in Wonderland was a good story that caught the attention of both the young and the old but what most people did not know is that there is a bigger picture behind the story; the bigger picture being the one that famous philosophers pointed out. The first idea or character from Alice in Wonderland that I want to cover is the Cheshire cat. Cheshire Cat is depicted as an intelligent yet mischievous, villainous character that sometimes helps Alice and sometimes gets her into trouble, the cat is know for its disappearing acts where is starts to fade leaving nothing but it’s smile. Plato argued that what ‘is not’ in some sense also ‘is’, therefore he also believed that a non-being did exist. Plato believed that the incompatibility of Being and Non-Being was false. The only real antinomy is that of a single object of consciousness and all other things from which it is distinguished. Some would argue that no cat could just disappear into thin air and leave behind its smile. One would ask, can a smile be on it’s own? Apparently it can. The Cheshire cat’s grin, too, is a non-material being which would be categorized as a grin, as just a Platonic Form – a nonmaterial being which has real existence. Another aspect of Alice in  Wonderland that I want to cover is the food items that Alice eats. Her character in this story is almost entirely defined by what she eats. Once Alice has fallen down the rabbit hole she is stuck behind a small door that she cannot fit into. This talking door tells her that there are snacks on the table that will help her fit thru the door so she looks on the table and magically there are food items and drinks with tags that say â€Å"Drink me!† and â€Å"Eat me!† that appear out of nowhere, so Alice eats one without questioning it. â€Å"Food has a constant tendency to transform itself into situation,† the French sociologist Roland Barthes said. For that quote Barthes was talking about foods in the aspect of having communion without bread or Christmas withou t turkey. We can also question what would Alice be without those treats? The food made its way into this certain situation. Alice never would have been able to go thru that small door had she not eaten that one treat that made her shrink. This specific food choice set the tone for the rest of the movie, it made the story able to move on and allowed Alice to officially enter Wonderland. Another part of Alice in Wonderland that made me think of Ronald Barthes was when, in his essay The Death of the Author he states â€Å"it is language which speaks, not the author: to write is to reach that point where language alone acts, â€Å"performs,† and not â€Å"oneself.† Lewis Carroll does just this in Alice in Wonderland. He creates his story with his knowledge of language with the puns and riddles in this story. An example would be his parody of traditional songs, which create a double meaning. Carroll does not project one meaning, he hands his language to the reader and allows them to analyze the story however they would like. Barthes quote says basically that the author is not the one that is spe aking to you but his language is. The language the author uses should speak to readers in the different ways that they hear it and Alice in Wonderland does just that, which is why there are so many different views and interpretations on it. In this book, Alice’s powers to reason are so distinct they seem unsuitable to a little girl’s character. According to Aristotle’s book Poetics, he insists that a character must be appropriate. For example, any intelligence in a woman would be considered inappropriate. Though Aristotle does not cover a child’s appropriate characteristic, we should assume that if intelligence in a female character is marked as inappropriate then it should be for a little girl as well. From this we argue that Alice’s fearless reasoning through out  the movie is uncharacteristic of a child. However, when Alice’s reasoning is used to draw attention to her, Alice’s childish nature is skillfully put into words when Alice claims that she â€Å"[doesn’t] care which happens.† This would restore her values as a character for Aristotle since he says, â€Å"too brilliant a diction conceals character and thought.† Alice in this book experiences a lot of things that the reader might think of as illusions or things that aren’t true or cannot happen. According to Nietzsche, the things in this book make perfect sense. Everyone is driven by a will to truth and knowledge on hand and a will to illusion and ignorance on the other hand. These components help make a worthy and happy existence for everyone. This book constantly makes the reader go back and forth between what is the truth and what isn’t. This book is the perfect demonstration for Nietzsche’s theory of having a middle ground between the place for realism and for fantasy in a well-ordered life. Alice’s willingness to accept the appearance of the white rabbit without question and follow it down the rabbit hole to continue her illusion fantasy is the perfect example of Nietzsche’s theory of the will of ignorance and the good use of illusions a person needs to balance their life. Opposed from Nietzsche’s theory about everything in Alice in Wonderland making sense, David Hume has another idea. Hume is another philosopher whose theories can be found within Alice in Wonderland. Hume brought forth the idea that until we know the necessary connection or cause of things, than all knowledge is uncertain. Everyone who reads or watches Alice in Wonderland is just as intrigued as she is on her new findings. This Wonderland is full of things that contradict our experience and expectations. While following Alice’s journey one does not know what comes next, as in our lives we usually do. We know that if you roll one ball and it hits another than that ball will roll too. Hume has a different idea. Hume would have thought, based on this theory, that Alice shows little evidence of being an expert on deductive logic. Alice would not have been able to make any reasonable decisions in Wonderland because she has never experienced anything like it before and therefore doesn’t know the outcome of anything she might do. Alice does use great inductive reasoning skills though when she learns how to change her size by drinking the bottle and  other foods. She uses this type of reasoning to make successful predictions. Her use of evidence about past events to predict and control the future course in Wonderland allows Hume’s theory to come alive within Alice and her choices. Time is also a big question in Alice in Wonderland and it shows up quite a bit. Though Plato may believe time to be just a mere illusion, Kant has his own point of view. Kant has three conclusions about time, one being that time is not something that exists by itself, time is actually a psychological sense by which the world is engaged in, and that time is prior to any particular engagement that one many have. Kant believes that time is an intuition of the mind and Alice would have needed that in order to have any type of adventure. One of the main points that the reader comes across time in Alice in Wonderland is when the white rabbit was running to his hole saying â€Å"Oh dear? Oh dear? I shall be too late.† Every time the white rabbit is in a scene he seems to be in a rush and saying he is going to be late. According to Kant, the white rabbit is experiencing an expectation of a time to come and understands that the present is prior to the future event, which would explain why the rabbit was always anxious. Out of all of these philosophers I believe that Alice in Wonderland connects most with Nietzsche and Barth. Nietzsche’s theory of illusions and the will of ignorance. When personally watching Alice in Wonderland, the movie, and knowing that people read the book, any one would be able to tell that it is all about illusions. I mean, at the beginning of the story she is talking to her teacher saying things like â€Å"if I had my own world the books would be pictures,† â€Å"if I had a world of my own everything would be nonsense, nothing would be what it is.† Then a few minutes later Alice falls asleep and ends up in Wonderland. This shows that Wonderland is Alice’s illusion. Nietzsche shows that one needs a good balance between what is real and what is fake. Barth also gets most of Alice in Wonderlands theory because he explains that story’s are not what the author says they are, they are what the reader sees them as and Alice in Wonderland has been interpreted in so many ways that Barthes theory is spot on. Everyone sees Alice in Wonderland differently because the author made it so it wasn’t just one meaning. Nietzsche and Barthes’s theory is exactly what the whole story of Alice in Wonderland is about.

A Magnificent Catastrophe, by Edward J. Larson - 1136 Words

In the book â€Å"A Magnificent Catastrophe† author, Edward J. Larson examines all aspects of the events that occurred during the First Presidential Campaign in the 1800s. Larson discusses the Presidential Election rivalry battle between Thomas Jefferson of the Republicans and John Adams of the Federalists. In 1776 both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were sent to Philadelphia as delegates to the second continental congress, they joined a five-member committee, which drafted a Declaration of Independence for the United States. They later then voted to adopt and sign the document their committee drafted which was the Declaration of Independence. Adams was more active when promoting independence and argued the longest and the most effective, but†¦show more content†¦Larson has some positive and negative aspects in this book that I’ve notice while reading the book. Some of the positive aspects of reading this book are learning background knowledge about the Politi cians life and family history. In history textbooks it doesn’t really go into detail about friendships and family history. Until reading this book I was unaware that Adams and Jefferson were close friends before the elections. To my knowledge from reading history textbooks Adams and Jefferson became acquaintances with each other when they were running for office and when being part of the committee when drafting the declaration of independence. That was one of the huge positive aspects of reading this book is that Larson has a lot of concrete details about the Politicians lives that are not presented in history textbooks. Texts books are straightforward and go straight into disusing what was going on in politics during a specific time period and they don’t even bother telling you about the politician’s background. I know when I take a history course I always have the question of who is this person in my head because all I know is what they’ve done to bett er or worsen our country, but I know nothing about the individual itself and Larson did a great job providing this in his book. Another positive aspect that I liked about Larson’s book was that the book was like a timeline and he would thoroughly describe in details what was going on during that time. There were noShow MoreRelatedA Magnificent Catastrophe By Edward J. Larson1780 Words   |  8 PagesThe book A Magnificent Catastrophe, by Edward J. Larson, narrates a story about how dirty and devious America’s first presidential campaign of 1800, how it became the most powerful election and how it molded America’s future in today’s society. Adams and Jefferson two great friends that shared one common goal. It is to obtain America’s freedom against the motherland Great Britain. They have remained close coworkers and friends throughout the American Revolution, but then in the 1800 each went thruRead MoreA Magnificent Catastrophe By Edward J. Larson11 45 Words   |  5 PagesA Magnificent Catastrophe is written by author Edward J. Larson. This book was paying attention to the First Presidential Campaign in the 1800s. The United States had not presidential election in prior to 1800. However, electoral politics are re-oriented United States in it are definite direction and solidified the two party system since 1800, so that is a reason why this book is meaning detect. During the critical 1800 election, the author has written regarding Founding Fathers of America who areRead MoreMagnificent Catastrophe Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Critical Book Review #1 In the book â€Å"A Magnificent Catastrophe† the author, Edward J. Larson, writes about all of the little details that has occurred in the First Presidential Campaign in the 1800s. He begins his book with how the two parties, the Republicans (Jefferson) and Federalists (Adams), were going to compete in who will govern the United States now that it is a free country and no longer under Britain’s rule. Although they had at first been friends they soonRead MoreAnalysis Of Edward J. Larson s The Crucible 1383 Words   |  6 Pages In 2007, Edward J. Larson published a book that focused on the events from America’s electoral process in 1800. The book explores four candidates; Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. However, the author’s main focus is on Jefferson and Adams due to their salient bout. As the former supported the Republican Party and the latter supported the Federal Party, there was a prevalent rivalry between the two candidates (Larson, 2007). With the negative and positive aspectsRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesof Motorola; Dr. Richard Post, Intel Corporation; Dr. Dale Sevier, San Diego State University; Mr. John A. Butora, Mr. Leon V. Mason, Mr. Lloyd K. Collins, Mr. Dana D. Lesher, Mr. Roy E. Dent, Mr. Mark Fazey, Ms. Kathy Schuster, Mr. Dan Fritze, Dr. J. S. Gardiner, Mr. Ariel Rosentrater, Mr. Lolly Marwah, Mr. Ed Schleicher, Mr. Amiin Weiner, and Ms. Elaine Baechtle, IBM; Mr. Thomas C. Bingham, Mr. K. Dick Vaughn, Mr. Rober t LeDoux, Mr. John Black, Mr. Jack Wires, Dr. Julian Anderson, Mr. Richard AlkireRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCentral Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007,